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<\/h1>\n<\/h1>\nIt is the study of the Earth planet, its composition, origin and evolution.\u00a0Earth science includes the study of the solid earth (crust, mantle and core) and its interaction with the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, including the oceans, the universe and the biosphere and usually\u00a0uses tools from physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how Earth systems work.<\/p>\n
Properties of minerals:\u00a0Minerals by Physical and Optical Properties<\/a><\/p>\n Classes of minerals:\u00a0Minerals Arranged by the Dana Classification<\/a><\/p>\n Minerals: organized by\u00a0Chemical Composition<\/a>\u00a0and by\u00a0Crystallography and Crystal Form<\/a><\/p>\n Handbook of Mineralogy<\/a> by\u00a0Mineralogical Society of America:<\/p>\n WEBMINERAL<\/a><\/strong>:\u00a0individual mineral species descriptions with links and a comprehensive image library<\/p>\n MINDAT<\/a><\/strong>:information about minerals, their properties and where they are found<\/p>\n GEMDTA<\/strong><\/a>:\u00a0online \u00a0gemmological information<\/p>\n GIA<\/a>: the Gemological Institute of America is the world\u2019s foremost authority on diamonds, colored stones, and pearls.<\/p>\n The Gemology Project<\/a>:<\/strong> a\u00a0gemstone and gem science database for anyone interested in gemstones and gemology<\/p>\n International Colored Stone Association<\/a>:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Magmatic or Igneous Rocks –<\/strong>\u00a0are formed from the solidification of molten rock material.\u00a0There are 2\u00a0types.\u00a0Intrusive igneous rocks<\/strong> crystallize below Earth’s surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form and\u00a0Extrusive igneous rocks<\/strong> erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass.\u00a0More Info here<\/a><\/p>\n Sedimentary Rocks –<\/strong>\u00a0are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are 3\u00a0types of sedimentary rocks:\u00a0Clastic or sedimentary rocks<\/strong>,\u00a0Chemical rocks<\/strong><\/em>, and\u00a0Organic (Biogenic) rocks<\/em>. <\/strong>More info\u00a0here<\/a><\/p>\n Metamorphic Rocks –\u00a0<\/strong>are\u00a0rocks that have been modified by heat, pressure, and chemical processes, usually while buried deep below Earth’s surface. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture, and chemical composition of the rocks.\u00a0There are 2\u00a0types of metamorphic rocks.\u00a0Foliated rocks<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0(consequence\u00a0of regional metamorphism<\/a> – generationg layered or banded textures –\u00a0produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure), and\u00a0Non-foliated rocks<\/strong> (consequence of contact metamorphism<\/a> – generation non-layered textures –\u00a0usualy\u00a0formed by the contact of\u00a0igneous intrusions where the temperatures are high but the pressures are relatively low and equal in all directions – confining pressure). More info here<\/a><\/p>\n GEOROC<\/a> –\u00a0<\/b><\/span>Geo<\/span><\/strong>chemistry of <\/span>R<\/b><\/span>ocks of the <\/span>O<\/b><\/span>ceans and <\/b><\/span>C<\/b><\/span>ontinents\u00a0–<\/b> data systems and services for geochemical<\/em>, geochronological<\/em><\/strong>, and petrological<\/em><\/strong> data (developed and maintained by EarthChem, including the EarthChem Library, the EarthChem Portal, PetDB, NAVDAT, SedDB, and Geochron).\u00a0<\/b>The database is a comprehensive collection of published analyses of volcanic rocks and mantle xenoliths. It contains major <\/strong><\/em>and trace element <\/strong><\/em>concentrations, radiogenic <\/strong><\/em>and nonradiogenic isotope ratios<\/strong><\/em> as well as analytical ages for whole rocks<\/strong><\/em>, glasses<\/em><\/strong>, minerals <\/strong>and inclusions<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n GERM<\/a> – G<\/b>eochemical E<\/b>arth R<\/b>eference M<\/b>odel –<\/span>\u00a0database containing a chemical characterization of the Earth, its major reservoirs and the fluxes between them.<\/p>\n IGBA<\/a><\/strong> – Ig<\/strong>neous data Ba<\/strong>se – Global Database in Igneous Petrology.<\/p>\n IGPET<\/a><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0– is a suite of applications by Michael Carr for PC and Mac to manipulate and plot geochemical data.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n PetDB database<\/a><\/strong> –\u00a0is a global synthesis of chemical<\/strong><\/em>, isotopic<\/strong><\/em>, and mineralogical<\/strong><\/em> data for rocks, minerals, and melt inclusions<\/strong><\/em>.\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n PETROS<\/a> – <\/b>Worldwide Databank of Major Element Chemical Analyses of Igneous Rocks –\u00a0<\/span>data bank of major element chemical analyses<\/strong><\/em> of igneous rocks compiled for research and teaching purposes<\/p>\n The geological\u00a0cycle refers to the diverse set of natural processes that lead to the formation and transformation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks:\u00a0<\/span>Rock Cycle Processes<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The theory of plate tectonics states that earth\u00a0‘s lithosphere is composed of a mosaic of rigid plates that are in relative motion. It was the\u00a0geologist and meteorologist <\/b>Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)<\/a>\u00a0who\u00a0first proposed the Theory of continental drift<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n What are deep-sea hydrothermal vents<\/a>?\u00a0– O que s\u00e3o fontes hidrotermais oce\u00e2nicas<\/strong><\/p>\n Chronostratigraphic Chart – Tabela cronoestratigr\u00e1fica<\/strong>:\u00a0Click here (PDF<\/a> or JPG<\/a>) to download the latest version (v2016\/04) of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart. you can find other versions or diferent stratigraphic charts\u00a0in the\u00a0International Commission on Stratigraphy<\/a> site<\/p>\n Cosmic calendar – Calendar c\u00f3smico<\/strong>: is a table where the\u00a0chronology of the universe is easely observed. The 13.7 billion year lifetime of the universe is mapped onto a single year. At this scale the Big Bang takes place on January 1 at midnight, the current time is December 31 at midnight\u00a0here<\/a><\/p>\n Igneous rocks from Macao<\/p>\n Tectonic evolution of Macao<\/p>\n Geological history of Macao<\/p>\n Geological history and Hong Kong rocks<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0–\u00a0\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u5ca9\u77f3<\/a><\/p>\n Structural geology<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0–\u00a0\u5730\u8cea\u69cb\u9020<\/a><\/p>\n Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data<\/a> – Interactive maps and downloadable data for regional and global Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Mineral Resources from the USGS.<\/p>\n GMRT<\/strong><\/a> – G<\/strong>lobal M<\/strong>ulti-R<\/strong>esolution T<\/strong>opography Data Synthesis<\/span>\u00a0is a multi-resolutional compilation of edited multibeam sonar data<\/p>\n Interactive Map of Earth<\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>information about Weather, Ocean Currents, Temperature, Ocean Waves, Aerosols and Pollutants concentration, etc.<\/p>\n Natural Hazards <\/b><\/a>by USGS<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n Natural Hazards Data, Images and Education<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0by\u00a0NOAA<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n Natural Hazards Interactive Map<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0from NOAA<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Natural Hazards KMZ file<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0– Google maps<\/strong><\/em> interactive map<\/p>\nMineralogy links<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n
Gemology links<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n
Petrology<\/h1>\n
Type of Rocks<\/span><\/h2>\n
Petrology\u00a0Databases:<\/h2>\n
Geological Cycle<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Tectonic Plates –\u00a0\u677f\u584a\u904b\u52d5\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n
Earthquakes<\/a>\u00a0(\u5730\u9707),\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Volcanic Activities<\/a>\u00a0(\u706b\u5c71)\u00a0and\u00a0<\/strong>Tsunamis<\/a>\u00a0(\u6d77\u5578)<\/span><\/h2>\n
Hydrothermal vents<\/strong><\/h1>\n
Geological time scale<\/h1>\n
Geology of Macao –\u00a0\u6fb3\u9580\u7684\u5730\u8cea<\/span><\/a><\/h1>\n
Geology of Hong Kong –\u00a0\u9999\u6e2f\u5730\u8cea<\/span><\/h1>\n
Mineral Resources<\/h1>\n
Maps<\/h1>\n
Natural Hazards<\/h1>\n