AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other diseases, which can be fatal (WHO).
Here you can get more information about Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health and Household (Indoor) Air Pollution Watch the video: State of the Earth Air (by National Geographic)
Ambient pollutants – Poluentes atmosféricos
Outdoor air pollutants concentration in Macao / Concentração dos poluentes atmosféricos em Macau (REAL TIME), via SMG.
AIR POLLUTION INFORMATION AROUND THE WORLD
WHO / OMS
Air pollution information: Pollutants Guideline / Informação sobre a poluição atmosférica: directrizes sobre os poluentes
English: http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/en
Chinese: http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/zh
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Macao Air Quality / Qualidade do Ar em Macau (SMG)
Pollutant concentrations in the air in the last 24 hours / Concentração dos poluentes atmosféricos nas últimas 24 horas
English: http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/e_index.htm
Chinese: http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/c_index.htm
Portuguese: http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/p_index.htm
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PRD, AQI
Real-time Pearl River Delta Air Quality Information / Informação da Qualidade do Ar no Deltas do Rio da Pérola em tempo real
http://113.108.142.147:20047
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WAQI
Real-time world Air Quality Index (AQI) / Índice de Qualidade do Ar (IQA) no mundo e em tempo real
www.waqi.inf
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EPA. USNAAQS
EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency / Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos EUA
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
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EU – Air Quality Standards
The European Union policy on air quality / Política da Qualidade do Ar da Comissão Europeia
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/index.htm
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China – Air Quality Standards
Ambient Air Quality Standards in China / Standards da Qualidade do ar na China
China’s current air quality standards include two classes of limit values. Class 1 standards apply to special regions such as national parks. Class 2 standards apply to all other areas, including urban and industrial areas. Earlier versions of the standard included a third class – special industrial areas – but this class was eliminated in the 2012 standard.
Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects, 2016
Ambient Air Quality Standards in China, 1984
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China
PUBLICATIONS ABOUT AIR POLLUTION IN MACAU
- Cheng, Y., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Louie, P. K. K., Cao, J. J. and Hai, X. (2010). Chemically-speciated on-road PM(2.5) motor vehicle emission factors in Hong Kong. Sci. The Science of the total environment. 402 (7), 1621-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.061
- He, D., Zhou, Z., He, K., Ji-ming, H., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Deng, Y., 2000. Assessment of traffic related air pollution in urban areas of Macao.
- Liu, Y. S., Cui, G. X., Wang, Z. S. and Zhang, Z. S. (2011). Large eddy simulation of wind field and pollutant dispersion in downtown Macao. Atmos. Environ. 45, 2849–2859.
- Mok, K. M. and Hoi, K. I. (2005). Effects of meteorological conditions on PM10 concentrations – A study in Macau. Environ. Monit. Assess. 102, 201–223.
- Sheng, L., Tsui, Y., 2009. A general equilibrium approach to tourism and welfare: The case of Macao. Habitat Int. 33, 419–424. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.01.002
- Sheng, N. and Tang, U. W. (2013). Risk assessment of traffic-related air pollution in a world heritage city. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 11–18.
- Song, S., Wu, Y., Zheng, X., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Li, J. and Hao, J. (2014). Chemical characterization of roadside PM2.5 and black carbon in Macao during a summer campaign. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 5, 381–387.
- Tang, U. W. and Wang, Z. S. (2007). Influences of urban forms on traffic-induced noise and air pollution: Results from a modelling system. Environ. Model. Softw. 22, 1750–1764.
- Vong, C.M., Ip, W.F., Wong, P.K., Yang, J.Y., 2012. Short-term prediction of air pollution in macau using support vector machines. J. Control Sci. Eng. 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/518032
- Wan, J.-M., Lin, M., Chan, C.-Y., Zhang, Z.-S., Engling, G., Wang, X.-M., Chan, I.-N. and Li, S.-Y. (2011). Change of air quality and its impact on atmospheric visibility in central-western Pearl River Delta. Environ. Monit. Assess. 172, 339–351. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1338-2
- Wu, Y., Hao, J., Fu, L., Hu, J., Wang, Z., Tang, U., 2003. Chemical characteristics of airborne particulate matter near major roads and at background locations in Macao, China. Sci. Total Environ. 317, 159–72. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00331-0Environ. Monit. Assess. 172, 339–351.
- Wu, X., Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Li, Z., Ke, W., Fu, L. and Hao, J. (2015). On–road measurement of gaseous emissions and fuel consumption for two hybrid electric vehicles in Macao. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 6, 858–866.
- Wu, X., Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Li, Z., Zhou, Y., Fu, L. and Hao, J. (2015). Real-world emissions and fuel consumption of diesel buses and trucks in Macao: From on-road measurement to policy implications. Atmos. Environ. 120, 393–403.
- Wu, Y., Hao, J., Fu, L., Wang, Z., Tang, U., 2002. Vertical and horizontal profiles of airborne particulate matter near major roads in Macao, China. Atmos. Environ. 36, 4907–4918. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00467-3
- Zhong, L. (2013). The Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network – Regional Collaborative Efforts on Joint Air Quality Management. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13, 1582–1597.
- Zhou, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Fu, L., Hao, J., 2014. Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement. J. Environ. Sci. 26, 2240–8. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.009
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
- Silva et al (2013) Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 8 (3) 11pp. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034005
- 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution by WHO 25 MARCH 2014 | GENEVA
- Xiaoping Wang and Denise L. Mauzerall (2006) Evaluating impacts of air pollution in China on public health: Implications for future air pollution and energy policies by . Atmospheric Environment, 40 (9), 1706–1721. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.066
- I. Myers and R. L. Maynard (2005) Polluted air—outdoors and indoors. Occupational Medicine, 55, 432–438. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi137
- Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, W. and Li, Y. (2015). Effects of rural–urban development transformation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 52, 863–875.
- Air Pollution papers database (MENDELEY): Here
- For more information go to General Earth end Environmental Science.